![]() The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. ![]() Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or torchis (French), to name only three. Opus craticum is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. The earliest known type of infill, called opus craticum by the Romans, was a wattle and daub type construction. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building. Half-timbering refers to a structure with a frame of load-bearing timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German Gefach or Fächer = partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as infill. Krämerbrücke in Erfurt, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from c. This building is in the central German city of Bad Langensalza. The plaster coating which originally covered the infill and timbers is mostly gone. Half-timbering Half-timbered wall with three kinds of infill: wattle and daub, brick, and stone. ![]() End cruck is not a style, but on the gable end of a building.Jointed cruck: blades are made from pieces joined near eaves in a number of ways.Upper cruck: blades land on a tie beam, very similar to knee rafters.Middle cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar.Raised cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge.Base cruck: tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.True cruck or full cruck: blades, straight or curved, extend from ground or foundation to the ridge acting as the principal rafters.Several types of cruck frames are used more information follows in English style below and at the main article Cruck. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames.Ĭruck frame A "true" or "full" cruck half-timbered building in Weobley, Herefordshire, England: The cruck blades are the tall, curved timbers which extend from near the ground to the ridge.Ī cruck is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a bent (U.S.) or crossframe (UK) the individual timbers are each called a blade. The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. The term box frame is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of cruck framing). These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.Ī simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without purlins. Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. Hewing this with broadaxes, adzes, and draw knives and using hand-powered braces and augers (brace and bit) and other woodworking tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building. The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut dimensional lumber. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country. If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. Timber framing ( Holzfachwerk) and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. The market square of Dornstetten, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings Rue du Gros-Horloge in Rouen, France, a city renowned for its half-timbered buildings Lemgo, Germany, downtown JSTOR ( September 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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