![]() ![]() The immune system refers to a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that function to protect the skin, respiratory passages, intestinal tract and other areas from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins. ![]() This article provides a practical overview of innate and adaptive immunity, and describes how these host defense mechanisms are involved in both heath and illness. There is a great deal of synergy between the adaptive immune system and its innate counterpart, and defects in either system can provoke illness or disease, such as inappropriate inflammation, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific it has the capacity for memory, which enables the host to mount a more rapid and efficient immune response upon subsequent exposure to the antigen. It is a rapid immune response, initiated within minutes or hours after aggression, that has no immunologic memory. Innate immunity is the first immunological mechanism for fighting against an intruding pathogen. bioreactors or large flasks).įor more information, please download our eBook, " Select high-value cell lines like a pro".Beyond structural and chemical barriers to pathogens, the immune system has two fundamental lines of defense: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Expansion - Expand clones producing desired antibodies (e.g.Scale up and wean - Scale up clones producing desired antibodies and wean off selection agent(s).ELISA) each potentially high-producing colony. Functional characterization - Confirm, validate and characterize (e.g.Clone screening and picking - clones are screened and selected on the basis of antigen specificity and immunoglobulin class.Fusion - Myeloma cells and isolated splenocytes are fused together to form hybridomas in the presence of polyehthylene glycol(PEG), which causes cell membranes to fuse.Preparation of myeloma cells - Myeloma cells are immortalized cells that, once fused with spleen cells, can result in hybridoma capable of unlimited growth.The antibody-producing splenocytes are then isolated for in vitro hybridoma production. Immunization of mice & isolation of splenocytes - Mice are immunized with an antigen and later their blood is screened for antibody production.A typical monoclonal antibody production process Upon completion, the clones are scaled up where additional downstream bioprocesses occur.Ī typical monoclonal antibody production process. Once candidate hybridoma cell lines are identified, each "hit" is confirmed, validated, and characterized using a variety of downstream functional assays. After cell fusion, large numbers of clones are screened and selected on the basis of antigen specificity and immunoglobulin class. These B cells are typically sourced from animals, usually mice. hybridomas) by fusing myeloma cells with desired antibody-producing splenocytes (e.g. The traditional monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process usually starts with generation of mAb-producing cells (i.e.
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